{"id":6330,"date":"2016-12-30T13:08:43","date_gmt":"2016-12-30T12:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fisair.com\/control-de-humedad-en-hospitales\/?lang=en"},"modified":"2017-06-13T11:45:03","modified_gmt":"2017-06-13T09:45:03","slug":"controlling-humidity-in-hospitals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fisair.com\/controlling-humidity-in-hospitals\/","title":{"rendered":"Controlling humidity in hospitals"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>Summary:<\/strong> In this information sheet we discuss the importance of controlling humidity in air-conditioned, heated and\/or ventilated premises, according to their specific needs of use.\u00a0 In particular, we show that humidity is important not only for the comfort of occupants but also for the consequences for their health if the control of the levels required by law is deficient. We look at the current regulations on this matter, both for general use and for hospitals, to which specific requirements apply. A very important characteristic of the system is the efficient design and fitting of used vapour ducts, to prevent spills of condensate that could present the risk of creating sources of infections. Finally, we analyze the energy and economic cost of the systems used to supply humidity according to the energy source, and the equipment used. It is not uncommon for the cost of the energy associated with humidifying to result in the system being left unused.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key words:<\/strong> Humidity, vapour, isothermic, dispersion, cost.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>There are various parameters involved in ambient comfort:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ambient temperature<\/li>\n<li>Ambient humidity<\/li>\n<li>Air movement through the premises<\/li>\n<li>Air quality (cleanliness, harmful gases etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The effect of <strong>temperature <\/strong>which is well-known, and the conditions can vary from 20\u00baC to 28\u00baC, according to the circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>The influence of <strong>humidity<\/strong> content in air is less well-known, which is why its importance is rarely acknowledged, both when it is too high and too low.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It affects the health of the respiratory tracts.<\/li>\n<li>If high, it can cause colonies of bacteria to grow.<\/li>\n<li>It increases the effect of static electricity if it is too low, causing headaches, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486656119558{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6902&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486656133565{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6957&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486656141409{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6904&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486656152521{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6880&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>AVAILABLE DATA AND TECHNOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The range of required values is indicated in the Regulations on Design Conditions in air-conditioned spaces.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486656267025{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6958&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Limitation in swimming pools: 65%HR, max. 30\u00baC.<\/li>\n<li>Return adiabatic cooler when there is heat recovery.<\/li>\n<li>Sanitation quality humidified steam.<\/li>\n<li>Interior hospital air quality requirement to UNE standard 100713.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Spaces co-exist in hospitals for many different uses, with diverse needs and different design conditions.<\/p>\n<p>In cases such as consulting rooms, waiting rooms, foyers, administration areas, and also in hospitalization areas, the needs are not very different from what would be required in buildings in the services sector (offices, entertainment venues, hotels, etc.) although there may be special requirements in some cases, because there is long-term occupancy.<\/p>\n<p>There is a regulation that covers the requirements for hospitals, which are generally based on the standard UNE-100.713.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486656290625{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6960&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]It can be seen that, in general, somewhat higher temperatures apply (24-26 \u00baC) that those specified by the RITE regulation for winter, which can be justified in spaces for patients, but could be excessive in other spaces.<\/p>\n<p>For operating theatres, delivery rooms and similar spaces, the range is greater: between 22 and 26\u00baC.<\/p>\n<p>HVAC for operating theatres has several particular features, which are essential due to the use and conditions of the space.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Internal space, not influenced by outside conditions.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Internal and ventilation load only.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Very high Air Renewal Load.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Very strict requirements in terms of temperature and humidity.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, the conditions are set by the surgeons.<\/p>\n<p>It is essential to bear in mind that the system called for is an &#8220;All Outside Air&#8221; one and a Large Flow, so the increase in temperature and specific humidity in the air passing through the space is small, hence one needs to ensure that the injection conditions established are met exactly, since the inertia of the inside air is minimal.<\/p>\n<p>To clarify these concepts, let us analyse a standard operating theatre:<\/p>\n<p>-Surface\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30 m2<\/p>\n<p>-Volume\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 80 m3<\/p>\n<p>-Air flow\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2,400 m3\/h<\/p>\n<p>Assuming:<\/p>\n<p>Refresh rate\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30 refreshments\/hr<\/p>\n<p>Age of the air at the outlet\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2 minutes<\/p>\n<p>The internal heat load of the space is determined by:<\/p>\n<p>Sensitive\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lights,\u00a0 Electrical-medical equipment, Persons.<\/p>\n<p>Latent\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sterilization Equipment (as applicable), Persons.<\/p>\n<p>In general, we can say that the increase in temperature is usually less than 2\u00baC and the humidity supplied is no higher than 0.5 g\/kg of inserted air.<\/p>\n<p>Some typical conditions requested by surgeons for humidity injection are: 22\u00baC and 45% HR.<\/p>\n<p>This means a specific humidity of x= 7.5 g\/kg.<\/p>\n<p>To meet these conditions, we require:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; In winter, supplying humidity to the intake air.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; In winter, extracting humidity from the air.<\/p>\n<p>Air <strong>dehumidification<\/strong> is usually achieved by passing air through a coil fed with cooled water, which comes from the hospital&#8217;s general air-conditioning system; this often presents difficulties because frequently the temperature at which the cold water reaches the cold coil of the HVAC unit is not sufficiently low to dehumidify all of the air required, when the outside ambient conditions include high humidity.<\/p>\n<p>There are two procedures for <strong>humidification, <\/strong>(supplying humidity to air):<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>Isothermic<\/strong> humidification<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>Adiabatic<\/strong> humidification.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Adiabatic Humidification<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Air for humidification is passed through a moist panel, on which water evaporates as it joins the air current; or alternatively, liquid water is pulverized and likewise evaporates.<\/p>\n<p>The process is adiabatic as the latent heat of evaporation is taken from the air itself, which cools; the enthalpy of the assembly remains constant, but the sensitive heat has been converted to latent heat.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657679619{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6961&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657664900{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;7335&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657672538{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;7337&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Due to the risks of spreading Legionella and other bacteria, adiabatic systems are not normally used in hospitals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Isothermal humidification<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Having ruled out adiabatic systems as explained above, the remaining option is to <strong>feed<\/strong> <strong>steam.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Saturated steam production units <\/strong>are used, at atmospheric pressure (100 \u00baC). There are systems with heat supplied <strong>by electricity<\/strong>, or by an <strong>external thermal fluid<\/strong>, generally steam or super-heated water.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Electrical approaches<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>By <strong>Immersed Electrodes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; These require water with sufficient electrical conductivity, between 125 and 1,250 micro Siemens\/cm..<\/p>\n<p>The water must be of \u201csanitary quality\u201d. Drinking water from the public water supply generally meets the requirements.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6965&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]By <strong>Electrically resistant elements<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Will work with de-mineralized or osmotized water.<\/li>\n<li>Achieve a very accurate regulating of production.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The units have built-in systems to dispose of the deposited salts automatically.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6966&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Both systems have a high operating cost as they consume electrical energy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Conventional Steam Boiler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This is expressly <strong>prohibited<\/strong> by the Regulations, as the steam produced does not have the &#8220;sanitary quality\/grade&#8221; required.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>By External Fluid<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>They are hygienic steam production units, which draw heat from an external fluid, in general, <strong>steam or super-heated water<em>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The production, distribution and dispersion system is illustrated in the diagram.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6967&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6974&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>Steam Dispersion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Good design and implementation of the <strong>dispersion system<\/strong> is <strong>fundamental<\/strong> for the unit to work smoothly as a whole. It is not uncommon for defects in the conduction route or the poor positioning of the dispersion unit, the \u201c<strong>steam lance<\/strong>\u201d, to ruin the performance of the whole and lead to it falling into disuse.<\/p>\n<p>In the following figures one can see the various units:[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6971&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6972&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6936&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]The importance must be stressed of positioning the lance and evacuation of the condensate produced correctly in order to prevent drips inside the HVAC unit or duct.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Absorption distance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The steam that is injected into the air current is saturated (100\u00baC); on coming into contact with the cooler air, it condenses, forming a mist (microscopic particles of liquid water) at air temperature, since the mass of the steam is very small in comparison with that of the air and the temperature remains without any noticeable change. This mist progressively dissipates, evaporating into the air, until it is completely absorbed.<\/p>\n<p>The above process takes some time for the mixture and evaporation, so that from the injection point until full absorption, there is a section of the air current, called the &#8220;absorption distance&#8221; within which there must be no obstacles or protrusions in the conduction, to prevent the risk of liquid water being deposited on the surface in contact with the air.<\/p>\n<p>To prevent this, there are various shapes of lances and graphics to select the suitable dispersion units according to the specific conditions of the site selected.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6976&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6977&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>ENERGY ANALYSIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cost of Steam<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Example: Hospital<\/u><\/li>\n<li>Area: Cantabrian Region<\/li>\n<li>of HVAC units: 35<\/li>\n<li>Total Air Flow: 340,900 m3\/h<\/li>\n<li>Winter design cond.: 0\u00ba-89%-(x= 3.4 gr\/kg as)<\/li>\n<li>Winter Inside spaces:\n<ul>\n<li>Operating theatres and similar: 22\u00baC-45%\u00a0 (x=7.5 gr\/kg as)<\/li>\n<li>Other Uses: 23\u00baC-50%\u00a0\u00a0 (x=81 gr\/kg as)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>Methodology<\/u><\/p>\n<p>The needs for humidifying vary according to the outside conditions.<\/p>\n<p>The data on humidifying needs have been taken from the Project Design.<\/p>\n<p>The internal design conditions are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Operating theatres and similar: 22\u00baC-45% (x=7.5 gr\/kg as)<\/li>\n<li>Other uses: \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a023\u00baC-50%\u00a0 (x=8.1 gr\/kg as)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>-Areas:\u00a0\u00a0 24h\/day, 365 days\/year<\/p>\n<p>12h\/day, 5 days\/week<\/p>\n<p>Weather Data: ATECYR [Spanish HVAC Association]\u00a0 \u201cBilbao Three-hourly Data\u201d<\/p>\n<p><u>Design Conditions:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Total Humidification Capacity: 1,828 kg\/h<\/li>\n<li>Total power required:\n<ul>\n<li>Water enthalpy 10\u00baC \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..42 kJ\/kg<\/li>\n<li>water enthalpy 100\u00baC\u2026\u2026\u2026&#8230; 2,675 kJ\/kg<\/li>\n<li>Increase in enthalpy\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20262,633 kJ\/kg<\/li>\n<li>Equivalent to\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20260.731 kWh \/kg v (useful net power)<\/li>\n<li>Assuming\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20260.8 kWh\/kg (gross power)<\/li>\n<li>Total power required:<\/li>\n<li>8 kWh\/kg x 1,828 kg\/h=\u00a0 <u>1,462 kW <\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Electrical Equipment:\n<ul>\n<li>Loss Distrib. (3%) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1,507kW<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fluid Output:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Loss Gener. and Distr. (18%)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1,783 kW<\/p>\n<p>Direct Gas<\/p>\n<p>Loss\u00a0 Generation (10%)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1,662 kW[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6978&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6979&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6980&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6981&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6982&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6983&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6984&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<u>Energy costs<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Energy that has to be supplied:<\/p>\n<p>4,244,651 kg v\/year x 0.8 kWh\/kh v=\u00a0 3,395,721 kWh\/year<\/p>\n<p>Electricity consumption: 3,395,721 kWh\/0.97=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3,500,743 kWh<\/p>\n<p>Gas consumption:<\/p>\n<p>With fluid:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3,395,721 kWh\/0.80=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4,244,651 kWh<\/p>\n<p>Direct Gas:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3,395,721 kWh\/0.90=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3,773,023 kWh<\/p>\n<p>Cost of Electricity:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.12 \u20ac\/kWh<\/p>\n<p>Cost of Natural Gas:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.05 \u20ac\/kWh<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electrical Equipment<\/li>\n<li>Potential Additional Contract: 1,507kW x 0.8(Cs)= 1,200 kW<\/li>\n<li>Additional fixed cost:<\/li>\n<li>1,200 kW x 14\u20ac\/kWmonth x 12month\/year= 201,600 \u20ac\/year<\/li>\n<li>Gas unit (direct and indirect):\n<ul>\n<li>Not considered<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Electrical Equipment<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Energy Consumption:<\/li>\n<li>3,395,721 kWh\/year x 0.12 \u20ac\/kWh=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>407,86 \u20ac\/year<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Thermal Fluid<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Energy Consumption:<\/li>\n<li>3,395,721\/0.8\u00a0 kWh x 0.05 \u20ac\/kWh<strong>=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 212,232 \u20ac\/year<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Direct Gas<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Energy Consumption:<\/li>\n<li>3,395,721\/0.9 kWh\/year x 0.05 \u20ac\/kWh<strong>=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 188,651 \u20ac\/year<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Electricity<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<li>Units<\/li>\n<li>Electrical Install. (transformers, lines, panels, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Estimated Total Investment<strong> \u20ac782,000 <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Thermal Fluid<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Unit<\/li>\n<li>Installation (boilers, pipes, insulation, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Estimated Total Investment <strong>\u20ac630,000<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Direct Gas<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<li>Units<\/li>\n<li>Electrical Install. Gas<\/li>\n<li>Estimated Total Investment <strong>\u20ac365,000 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1486657699158{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;6986&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; onclick=&#8221;link_image&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>CONCLUSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Controlling humidity in hospitals calls for a considerable consumption of energy which not uncommonly means that the humidity control units are unused.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 More often than not, this is achieved using independent units powered by electricity.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The technology and equipment exists to drastically reduce the running cost in comparison with electrically-powered units.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ashrae Handbook 2008 Systems and Equipment<\/p>\n<p>Lew Harriman et al. 2006\u00a0 Ashrae.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>n this information sheet we discuss the importance of controlling humidity in air-conditioned, heated and\/or ventilated premises, according to their specific needs of use.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6305,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.4 - 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